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The accurate prediction of the solar energy that can be generated using the rooftops of buildings is an essential tool for many researchers, decision makers, and investors for creating sustainable cities and societies. This study is focused on the development of an automated method to extract the useable areas of rooftops and optimize the solar PV panel layout based on the given electricity loading of a building. In this context, the authors of this article developed two crucial methods. First, a special pixel-based rooftop recognition methodology was developed to analyze detailed and complex rooftop types while avoiding the challenges associated with the nature of the particular building rooftops. Second, a multi-objective enveloped min–max optimization algorithm was developed to maximize solar energy generation and minimize energy cost in terms of payback based on the marginal price signals. This optimization algorithm facilitates the optimal integration of three controlled variables—tilt angle, azimuth angle, and inter-row spacing—under a non-linear optimization space. The performance of proposed algorithms is demonstrated using three campus buildings at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada as case studies. It is shown that the proposed algorithms can be used to optimize PV panel distribution while effectively maintaining system constraints.

Framework for Mapping and Optimizing the Solar Rooftop Potential of Buildings in Urban Systems