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This paper reviews the major researchers of liquid, immersion, and two-phase cooling. Currently, liquids are used instead of air to cool the growing data centers. Immersion cooling shows a higher heat transfer coefficient than conventional cooling (&lt;37 W/cm2). Because the use of liquids with high global warming potentials is prohibited, the number of liquids that can be used is limited. This paper discusses the existing, relevant literature from researchers who have studied the issue at least thrice. The authors were divided into those who focused on the surface and those who formed a structure on the surface. In summary, the authors suggested the following research directions: The experimental conditions of porous foam are not diverse, and there is a concern about the separation of foam and coating into the tub. The experimental conditions of the immersion tub should also be varied according to the heat and pressure over time. Structure-level research shows higher performance than surface-level research, but an economic feasibility study is required.

Recent Advances in Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications for Thermal Management