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Load flexibility management is a promising approach to face the problem ofbalancing generation and demand in electrical grids. This problem is becomingincreasingly difficult due to the variability of renewable energies.Thermostatically controlled loads can be aggregated and managed by a virtualbattery, and they provide a cost-effective and efficient alternative tophysical storage systems to mitigate the inherent variability of renewableenergy sources. But virtual batteries require of an accurate control systembeing capable of tracking frequency regulation signals with minimal error. Areal-time control system allowing virtual batteries to accurately trackfrequency or power signals is developed. The performance of this controller isvalidated for a virtual battery composed of 1,000 thermostatically controlledloads. Using virtual batteries equipped with the developed controller, a studyfocused on residential thermostatically controlled loads in Spain is performed.The results of the study quantify the potential of this technology in a countrywith different climate areas and provides insight about the feasibility ofvirtual batteries as enablers of electrical systems with high levels ofpenetration of renewable energy sources.

Flexibility management with virtual batteries of thermostatically controlled loads: real-time control system and potential in Spain