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Since the widespread deployment of non-dispatchable, intermittent, and highly variable power production from renewable energy sources (RES), the demand for flexible power production has been steadily growing. As new-built dispatchable power plants have not been very quickly adapted to the emerging flexible operation, this task has been addressed by existing plants as well. Existing solid-fuel thermal power plants have undergone an extensive study to increase their flexible operation. Thermodynamic process-modeling tools have been extensively used for plant modeling. Steady- and transient-state simulations have been performed under various operating regimes, supplying valuable results for efficient power-plant operation. Flexibility aspects regarding low-load operation and steady operational conditions are mostly investigated with steady-state simulations. Flexibility aspects related to variation over time such as ramping rates are investigated with transient simulations. The off-design operation is mainly attributed to the existing fleet of power plants, struggling to balance between their former operational schemes as base and/or medium-load plants. However, off-design operation is also considered for new plants in the design phase and is included as a simulation aspect. Process modeling turns out to be a proven tool for calculating plant flexibility and predicting extreme operating conditions, defining further steps for a new operational scheme, drafting accident mitigation control procedures or, furthermore, provisioning more complex and cross-field future tasks. A review of the off-design aspect as a simulation approach is undertaken and presented in this work. Finally, challenges and future perspectives for this aspect of solid-fuel thermal power plants are discussed.

Review of Process Modeling of Solid-Fuel Thermal Power Plants for Flexible and Off-Design Operation