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This paper will present a complete discussion in recent design strategies for harvesting vibration energy using piezoelectric cantilever transducers. The interest in this primary energy source is due to its presence in non-negligible quantities in most of the engines used in the industrial process. Previous work has shown that it is possible to harvest significant amounts of energy capable of supplying a wireless sensor (WS) node. However, in most research, only one step of the energy conversion and utilization chain is studied. Starting from the definition of the different design issues for a piezoelectric micro generator (PMG), the leading optimization solutions will be reviewed in this paper. Based on the findings, the quantification of the data transmission range of wireless sensor nodes powered by a PMG is proposed to support the objectives envisioned by Industry 4.0. The vibration characteristics taken from mining locomotives that have not yet been treated previously are used to illustrate the improvement of the various optimization solutions. Through our objectives, this work offers a comprehensive discussion on the use of vibrational energy by wireless sensors, bringing together the fields of mechanics, electrical, electronics, and wireless communications. The theoretical basis for each design stage is provided through the design equations. Based on actual measurements of ambient vibration, it is demonstrated, considering an optimal design of the PMG, that a WS could transmit data beyond 1 km for physical phenomena to be controlled every 7 min.

Cantilevered Piezoelectric Micro Generator Design Issues and Application to the Mining Locomotive