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A two-level optimization method is presented to find the optimal number and location of conventional protective devices to be upgraded to remote-controlled switches (RCSs) for an existing distribution network (DN). The effect of distributed generation (DG) on this problem is considered. In the first level, a nonlinear binary program is proposed to maximize the restored customers subject to technical and topological constraints. All feasible interchanges between protective devices and ties involved in the restoration, when a fault occurs at all possible locations are found considering switching dependencies. In the second level, a nonlinear cost function, combining the expected cost of interruptions (ECOST) and the switch cost, is minimized with respect to the location of RCSs. The expected cost function is computed based on the optimum restoration policies obtained from the first level. The optimum placement of RCSs using the proposed algorithm is tested on a 4-feeder 1069-node test system and compared to the solution obtained with a genetic algorithm (GA) on the same system.

Optimal Placement of Remote-Controlled Switches in Distribution Networks in the Presence of Distributed Generators