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Face comparison/face mapping is one of the promising methods in face biometrics which needs relatively little effort compared with face identification. Various factors may be used to verify whether two faces are of the same person, among which facial landmarks are one of the most objective indicators due to the same anatomical definition for every face. This study identified major landmarks from 2D and 3D facial images of the same Korean individuals and calculated the distance between the reciprocal landmarks of two images to examine their acceptable range for identifying an individual to obtain standard values from diverse facial angles and image resolutions. Given that reference images obtained in the real-world could be from various angles and resolutions, this study created a 3D face model from multiple 2D images of different angles, and oriented the 3D model to the angle of the reference image to calculate the distance between reciprocal landmarks. In addition, we used the super-resolution method of artificial intelligence to address the inaccurate assessments that low-quality videos can yield. A portion of the process was automated for speed and convenience of face analysis. We conclude that the results of this study could provide a standard for future studies regarding face-to-face analysis to determine if different images are of the same person.

Facial Identity Verification Robust to Pose Variations and Low Image Resolution: Image Comparison Based on Anatomical Facial Landmarks