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Considering that use of measured current as input of a battery model may cause distortion of the model due to low accuracy of the on-board current sensor and that power can be used to indicate energy transmission in an electric vehicle model, the power input internal resistance model is widely used in simulation of whole electric vehicles. However, since no consideration is given to battery polarization and electro-thermal coupling characteristics, the foregoing model cannot be used to describe the internal temperature change of batteries under working conditions. Three contributions are made in the present study: (1) ternary lithium-ion batteries were taken as the research objects and a second-order RC equivalent circuit model with power as the input was established in the present study; (2) A dynamic heat generation rate model suitable for RC equivalent circuits was built based on coupled electrical and thermal characteristics of lithium-ion batteries; (3) An electric model and a two-state equivalent thermal network model were further built and combined by using the heat generation rate model to form a power input electro-thermal model. Parameters of the model so formed were identified offline, and the battery model was verified with respect to accuracy under seven working conditions. The results show that the maximum root mean square error in voltage estimation, current estimation, and surface temperature estimation is 19.38 mV, 9.51 mA, and 0.19 °C respectively, which indicates that the power input electro-thermal model can describe the electrical and thermal dynamic behavior of batteries more accurately and comprehensively than the traditional power input internal resistance model.

A Novel Electro-Thermal Model of Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Power as the Input