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We shall give an overview, within a scope of the author's knowledge, on fundamental importance of the temperature dependency of energy levels in materials in quantifying heat dissipated in thermodynamically operated devices. After a brief review of the relevant studies of temperature dependency in semiconductors, we point out that entropy produced or heat dissipated in thermoelectric devices based on thermoelectric effects such as Peltier, Seebeck and Thomson can be reformulated by inclusion of the effect of temperature-dependent energy levels in materials (semicondactors). Statistical mechanics consideration for the origin of the temperature dependent energy levels is also given based on a general ensemble theory.

Temperature-dependent energy levels and the second law formulation for engineering devices