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We start with methodological analysis of the notion of scientific theory andits interrelation with reality. This analysis is based on the works ofHelmholtz, Hertz, Boltzmann, and Schr\"odinger (and reviews of D' Agostino).Following Helmholtz, Hertz established the "Bild concept" for scientifictheories. Here "Bild" ("picture") carries the meaning "model" (mathematical).The main aim of natural sciences is construction of the causal theoreticalmodels (CTMs) of natural phenomena. Hertz claimed that CTM cannot be designedsolely on the basis of observational data; it typically contains hiddenquantities. Experimental data can be described by an observational model (OM),often on the price of acausality. CTM-OM interrelation can be tricky.Schr\"odinger used the Bild concept to create CTM for quantum mechanics (QM)and QM was treated as OM. We follow him and suggest a special CTM for QM,so-called prequantum classical statistical field theory (PCSFT). The commoninterpretation of the violation of the Bell inequality is criticized from theperspective of the two level structuring of scientific theories. Such criticalanalysis of von Neumann and Bell no-go theorems for hidden variables wasperformed already by De Broglie (and Lochak) in 1970s. The Bild-approach isapplied to the two level CTM-OM modeling of Brownian motion: the overdampedregime corresponds to OM. We briefly discuss ontic-epistemic structuring ofscientific theories (Primas-Atmanspacher) and its relation to the Bild concept.

The Bild-conception for Scientific Theory Structuring in Classical and Quantum Physics: from Hertz and Boltzmann to Schr\"odinger and De Broglie