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We investigate the quantum thermodynamics of two quantum systems, a two-levelsystem and a four-level quantum photocell, each driven by photon pulses as aquantum heat engine. We set these systems to be in thermal contact only with acold reservoir while the heat (energy) source, conventionally given from a hotthermal reservoir, is supplied by a sequence of photon pulses. The dynamics ofeach system is governed by a coherent interaction due to photon pulses in termsof the Jaynes-Cummings Hamiltonian together with the system-bath interactiondescribed by the Lindblad master equation. We calculate the thermodynamicquantities for the two-level system and the quantum photocell including thechange in system energy, power delivered by photon pulses, power output to anexternal load, heat dissipated to a cold bath, and entropy production. Wethereby demonstrate how a quantum photocell in the cold bath can operate as acontinuum quantum heat engine with the sequence of photon pulses continuouslyapplied. We specifically introduce the power efficiency of the quantumphotocell in terms of the ratio of output power delivered to an external loadwith current and voltage to the input power delivered by the photon pulse. Ourstudy indicates a possibility that a quantum system driven by external fieldscan act as an efficient quantum heat engine under non-equilibriumthermodynamics.

Quantum Photovoltaic Cells Driven by Photon Pulses