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Background: Although cardiovascular imaging techniques are widely used to diagnose myocardial ischemia in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD), they have limitations related to lack of specificity, sensitivity and “late” diagnosis. Additionally, the absence of a simple laboratory test that can detect myocardial ischemia in CAD patients, has led to many patients being first diagnosed at the time of the development of myocardial infarction. Nourin is an early blood-based biomarker rapidly released within five minutes by “reversible” ischemic myocardium before progressing to necrosis. Recently, we demonstrated that the Nourin-dependent  miR-137  (marker of cell damage) and  miR-106b-5p  (marker of inflammation) can diagnose myocardial ischemia in patients with unstable angina (UA) and also stratify severity of ischemia, with higher expression in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients compared to UA patients. Minimal baseline-gene expression levels of Nourin miRNAs were detected in healthy subjects. Objectives: To determine: (1) whether Nourin miRNAs are elevated in chest pain patients with myocardial ischemia suspected of CAD, who also underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) or ECG/Treadmill stress test, and (2) whether the elevated levels of serum Nourin miRNAs correlate with results of ECHO/ECG stress test in diagnosing CAD patients. Methods: Serum gene expression levels of  miR-137 ,  miR-106b-5p  and their corresponding molecular pathway network were measured blindly in 70 enrolled subjects using quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). Blood samples were collected from: (1) patients with chest pain suspected of myocardial ischemia ( n  = 38) both immediately “pre-stress test” and “post-stress test” 30 min. after test termination; (2) patients with acute STEMI ( n  = 16) functioned as our positive control; and (3) healthy volunteers ( n  = 16) who, also, exercised on ECG/Treadmill stress test for Nourin baseline-gene expression levels. Results: (1) strong correlation was observed between Nourin miRNAs serum expression levels and results obtained from ECHO/ECG stress test in diagnosing myocardial ischemia in CAD patients; (2) positive “post-stress test” patients with CAD diagnosis showed upregulation of  miR-137  by 572-fold and  miR-106b-5p  by 122-fold, when compared to negative “post-stress test” patients ( p  < 0.001); (3) similarly, positive “pre-stress test” CAD patients showed upregulation of  miR-137  by 1198-fold and  miR-106b-5p  by 114-fold, when compared to negative “pre-stress test” patients ( p  < 0.001); and (4) healthy subjects had minimal baseline-gene expressions of Nourin miRNAs. Conclusions: Nourin-dependent  miR-137  and  miR-106b-5p  are promising novel blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis of myocardial ischemia in chest pain patients suspected of CAD in outpatient clinics. Early identification of CAD patients, while patients are in the stable state before progressing to infarction, is key to providing crucial diagnostic steps and therapy to limit adverse cardiac events, improve patients’ health outcome and save lives.

Nourin-Dependent miR-137 and miR-106b: Novel Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Ischemia in Coronary Artery Disease Patients