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Despite the importance of seatbelt use in the reduction of injuries and fatalities, the majority of past studies failed to account for the complex nature of seatbelts on the safety of roadways. The complexity of seatbelt use is especially related to a possible association between seatbelt use and other factors at the time of crashes. Ignoring those interaction terms might result in unrealistic or biased point estimates regarding the underlying impact of seatbelt use on roadway safety. For instance, is the impact of seatbelt use on the severity of crashes stable or varies based on other factors such as gender? Or does the impact of seatbelt use changes based on whether a driver is under the influence of alcohol or not? The mixed logit model was used to model the severity of crashes. In this study we focused on interaction terms between seatbelt use and all other plausible predictors of crashes. The results highlighted that there are important and significant interaction terms between seatbelt status and other predictors such as drivers under the influence (DUI), drivers with invalid driver’s licenses, lack of attention in crashes, having a citation record, ejected drivers, and other environmental and roadway characteristics. For instance, it was found that the impact of seatbelt use on the severity of crashes varies based on the actions that drivers took before crashes, such as improper lane changes or following too close. On the other hand, seatbelt use is more effective in crash severity reduction for ejected drivers and less effective for drivers under the influence of alcohol or unattended drivers. The results provide important information to gain a better understanding regarding the effectiveness of seatbelt use.

Understanding the Complex Impacts of Seatbelt Use on Crash Outcomes