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The van der Waals equation is well known for the description of two-dimensional monolayers. The formation of a monolayer is the result of a compromise between the process of self-organization on the surface and the probabilities of spatial configurations of adsorbate molecules near the surface. The main reasons for the geometric heterogeneity of the monolayer are the geometric disorder and the energy inhomogeneity of the surface profile. A monolayer is a statistically related system and its symmetry causes correlations of processes at different spatial scales. The classical van der Waals equation is written for the two-dimensional, completely symmetric Euclidean space. In the general case, the geometry of the monolayer must be defined for the Euclidean space of fractional dimension (fractal space) with symmetry breaking. In this case, the application of the classical van der Waals equation is limited. Considering the fractal nature of the monolayer–solid interface, a quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals equation is developed. The application of the equation to experimental data of an activated carbon is shown.

Van der Waals Equation for the Description of Monolayer Formation on Arbitrary Surfaces