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Mast cells have been shown to affect the control of infections with the protozoan parasite  Giardia intestinalis . Recently, we demonstrated that  Giardia  excretory-secretory proteins inhibited the activity of the connective tissue mast cell-specific protease chymase. To study the potential role of the chymase mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-4 during infections with  Giardia,  mMCP-4 +/+  and mMCP-4 −/−  littermate mice were gavage-infected with  G. intestinalis  trophozoites of the human assemblage B isolate GS. No significant changes in weight gain was observed in infected young (≈10 weeks old) mMCP-4 −/−  and mMCP-4 +/+  littermate mice. In contrast, infections of mature adult mice (>18 weeks old) caused significant weight loss as compared to uninfected control mice. We detected a more rapid weight loss in mMCP-4 −/−  mice as compared to littermate mMCP-4 +/+  mice. Submucosal mast cell and granulocyte counts in jejunum increased in the infected adult mMCP-4 −/−  and mMCP-4 +/+  mice. This increase was correlated with an augmented intestinal trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activity, but the myeloperoxidase activity was constant. Infected mice showed a significantly lower intestinal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, and in vitro, soluble  Giardia  proteins inhibited human recombinant NE. Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly increased eight and 13 days post infection (dpi), while intestinal IL-6 levels showed a trend to significant increase 8 dpi. Strikingly, the lack of mMCP-4 resulted in significantly less intestinal transcriptional upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-25, CXCL2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 in the  Giardia -infected mature adult mice, suggesting that chymase may play a regulatory role in intestinal cytokine responses.

The Chymase Mouse Mast Cell Protease-4 Regulates Intestinal Cytokine Expression in Mature Adult Mice Infected with Giardia intestinalis