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Costimulatory molecules facilitate cross-talks among leukocytes via mutual stimulatory and inhibitory signalling, contributing to diverse immunological outcomes in normal physiological responses and pathological conditions. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-systemic autoimmune condition in which cellular communication through the involvement of costimulatory molecules is crucial in driving proinflammatory responses from the stage of autoantigen presentation to the subsequent process of pathogenic autoantibody production. While the physiology of the costimulatory systems including OX40-OX40L, CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/86, ICOS-B7RP1 and CD70-CD27 has been relatively well studied in SLE, recent data on the immunopathology of the CD137-CD137 ligand (CD137L) system in murine lupus models and patients with SLE highlight the critical role of this costimulatory system in initiating and perpetuating the diverse clinical and serological phenotypes of SLE. CD137, a membrane-bound receptor which belongs to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is mainly expressed on activated T cells. Activation of the CD137 receptor via its interaction with CD137L which is expressed on antigen present cells (APC) including B cells, triggers bi-directional signalling; that is, signalling through CD137 as well as signalling through CD137L (reverse signalling), which further activates T cells and polarizes them to the Th1/Tc1 pathway. Further, via reverse CD137L signalling it enhances differentiation and maturation of the APC, particularly of dendritic cells, which subsequently drive proinflammatory cytokine production. In this review, recent data including our experience in the manipulation of CD137L signalling pertaining to the pathophysiology of SLE will be critically reviewed. More in-depth understanding of the biology of the CD137-CD137L co-stimulation system opens an opportunity to identify new prognostic biomarkers and the design of novel therapeutic approaches for advancing the management of SLE.

The Progress of Investigating the CD137-CD137L Axis as a Potential Target for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus