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Our study showed differential expression of the  arginine vasotocin  ( avt )/ isotocin  ( it ) in the brain and pituitary gland of the euryhaline black porgy ( Acanthopagrus schlegelii ) during osmotic stress. A decrease in serum osmolality and increased cortisol levels were observed after acute transfer from seawater (SW) to freshwater (FW). The increased expressions of  avt ,  avt receptor  ( avtr :  v1a ), and  isotocin receptor  ( itr :  itr1)  transcripts on day 1 and  it  and  itr  transcripts on days 7 and 30 were found in the brains and pituitary glands of FW fish. Increased levels of  avt  mRNA in the diencephalon and  avtr  mRNA in the pituitary together with serum cortisol on day 1 of FW exposure indicated activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis. The expression levels of  avtr  and  itr  after FW transfer were increased in the pituitary on days 7 and 30. Furthermore,  in situ  hybridization demonstrated spatially differential expression of  avt  and  itr  transcripts in nucleus preopticus parvocellularis of pars gigantocellularis (PMgc), magnocellularis (PMmc), and parvocellularis (PMpc) of the preoptic area (POA). Positive signals for  avt  and  it  were highly abundant in PMpc after FW exposure. The data suggest involvement of neurohypophysial hormones in the brain (telencephalon and diencephalon) and pituitary for osmotic stress.

Neurohypophysial Hormones Associated with Osmotic Challenges in the Brain and Pituitary of the Euryhaline Black Porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegelii