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The gonochoristic feature with environmental sex determination that occurs during the yellow stage in the eel provides an interesting model to investigate the mechanisms of gonadal development. We previously studied various sex-related genes during gonadal sex differentiation in Japanese eels. In the present study, the members of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily were investigated. Transcript levels of anti-Müllerian hormone, its receptor, gonadal soma-derived factor ( amh ,  amhr2 , and  gsdf , respectively) measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed a strong sexual dimorphism. Transcripts were dominantly expressed in the testis, and their levels significantly increased with testicular differentiation. In contrast, the expressions of  amh ,  amhr2,  and  gsdf  transcripts were low in the ovary of E2-feminized female eels. In situ hybridization detected  gsdf  (but not  amh ) transcript signals in undifferentiated gonads.  amh  and  gsdf  signals were localized to Sertoli cells and had increased significantly with testicular differentiation. Weak  gsdf  and no  amh  signals were detected in early ovaries of E2-feminized female eels. Transcript levels of  amh  and  gsdf  (not  amhr2 ) decreased during human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)-induced spermatogenesis in males. This study suggests that  amh ,  amhr2,  and especially  gsdf  might be involved in the gene pathway regulating testicular differentiation of Japanese eels.

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Involvement of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Family Genes in Gonadal Differentiation in Japanese Eel, Anguilla japonica, According to Sex-Related Gene Expressions