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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration of the synovium, leading to the loss of cartilage, bone, and joint function. Although regulatory T (T reg ) cells are thought to modulate the initiation and progression of RA, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the function and composition of T reg  cells in RA patients. To address these discrepancies, we analyzed not only the total T reg  frequency but also that of T reg  subpopulations in the peripheral blood of RA patients and healthy controls by flow cytometry. We found that the total T reg  population was not significantly different between RA and control subjects. However, the effector T reg  cell subgroup, defined as CD45RA − CD25 hi , showed markedly decreased frequency in RA patients. In addition, the total T reg  population from RA patients showed a significant decline in the expression of CD25. Both the naïve and effector T reg  subgroups also showed marked reduction of CD25 expression in RA patients compared to controls. These data suggest that the decreased frequency of effector T reg  cells and overall reduction of CD25 expression in T reg  cells in the peripheral blood may be evidence of altered T reg  homeostasis associated with RA pathogenesis.

Peripheral Blood from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Shows Decreased Treg CD25 Expression and Reduced Frequency of Effector Treg Subpopulation