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In this work, sodium citrate (SC) was used as an additive to control the particle size and dispersion of Pt-Mn alloy nanoparticles deposited on a carbon support. SC was chosen, since it was the only additive tested that did not prevent Mn from co-depositing with Pt. The influence of solution pH during deposition and post-deposition heat treatment on the physical and electrochemical properties of the Pt-Mn alloy was examined. It was determined that careful control over pH is required, since above a pH of four, metal deposition was suppressed. Below pH 4, the presence of sodium citrate reduced the particle size and improved the particle dispersion. This also resulted in larger electrochemically-active surface areas and greater activity towards the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Heat treatment of catalysts prepared using the SC additive led to a significant enhancement in EOR activity, eclipsing the highest activity of our best Pt-Mn/C prepared in the absence of SC. XRD studies verified the formation of the Pt-Mn intermetallic phase upon heat treatment. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that catalysts prepared using the SC additive were more resistant to particle size growth during  heat treatment

Improving the Ethanol Oxidation Activity of Pt-Mn Alloys through the Use of Additives during Deposition