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In this paper, the main features of systems that are required to flexibly modulate energy states of plant cells in response to environmental fluctuations are surveyed and summarized. Plant cells possess multiple sources (chloroplasts and mitochondria) to produce energy that is consumed to drive many processes, as well as mechanisms that adequately provide energy to the processes with high priority depending on the conditions. Such energy-providing systems are tightly linked to sensors that monitor the status of the environment and inside the cell. In addition, plants possess the ability to efficiently store and transport energy both at the cell level and at a higher level. Furthermore, these systems can finely tune the various mechanisms of energy homeostasis in plant cells in response to the changes in environment, also assuring the plant survival under adverse environmental conditions. Electrical power systems are prone to the effects of environmental changes as well; furthermore, they are required to be increasingly resilient to the threats of extreme natural events caused, for example, by climate changes, outages, and/or external deliberate attacks. Starting from this consideration, similarities between energy-related processes in plant cells and electrical power grids are identified, and the potential of mechanisms regulating energy homeostasis in plant cells to inspire the definition of new models of flexible and resilient electrical power grids, particularly microgrids, is delineated. The main contribution of this review is surveying energy regulatory mechanisms in detail as a reference and helping readers to find useful information for their work in this research field.

Mechanisms Regulating Energy Homeostasis in Plant Cells and Their Potential to Inspire Electrical Microgrids Models