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Effects of barefoot and minimal footwear conditions on performance during jumping (i.e., jump displacement) are unclear with traditional group-level studies because of intra- and interindividual variability. We compared barefoot, minimal, and conventional athletic footwear conditions relative to countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) performance and muscle activation using a single-subject approach. Fifteen men (1.8 ± 0.6 m; 84.5 ± 8.5 kg; 23.8 ± 2.3 y) performed three CMVJ trials in barefoot, minimal, and conventional footwear conditions while ground reaction forces (GRF) and electromyograms of eight lower extremity muscles were recorded. The Model Statistic procedure (α = 0.05) compared conditions for CMVJ displacement, net impulse, durations of unloading, eccentric, and concentric phases, and average muscle activation amplitudes during the phases. All variables were significantly altered by footwear (p &lt; 0.05) in some participants, but no participant displayed a universal response to all variables with respect to the footwear conditions. Seven of 15 participants displayed different CMVJ displacements among footwear conditions. Additional characteristics should be evaluated to reveal unique individual traits who respond similarly to specific footwear conditions. Considerations for footwear selection when aiming for acute performance enhancement during CMVJ tests should not be determined according to only group analysis results. The current single-subject approach helps to explain why a consensus on the effects of barefoot, minimal, and conventional footwear conditions during the CMVJ remains elusive.

Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation during Vertical Jumping