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The Neogene environment and paleovegetation of today’s semi-arid and arid Central Asia remain elusive. Little is known about the effect of paleoclimatic change on the distribution and ecological response mechanisms of aquatic plants, especially on the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we report a new species of Nelumbo Adanson, including leaves, receptacles, and fruits, namely Nelumbo delinghaensis sp. nov., from the Upper Youshashan Formation of the upper Middle Miocene in the northern Qaidam Basin on the Tibetan Plateau. The new species comprises centrally peltate leaves with 12−15 actinodromous primary veins and a receptacle embedded with ca. 15−30 fruits, with an unlobed central disc. Megafossils of lotus from northwest China broaden the geographical and stratigraphic ranges of Nelumbo. Our findings suggest that a large freshwater lake body surrounded by temperate forests and grassland developed in the Qaidam Basin during the late Middle Miocene, in sharp contrast to the present desert vegetation. The climate used to be sufficiently warm and moist enough to support a forest-steppe ecosystem with abundant freshwater bodies.

Middle Miocene lotus (Nelumbonaceae, Nelumbo) from the Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibet Plateau