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It is predicted that plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are affected by the atmospheric CO 2 levels rising globally, which further affects the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects, especially the host selection behavior of herbivorous insects. In this study, the effects of elevated CO 2 on the host-selection behavior of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens , and the emission of VOCs from the healthy and BPH-damaged rice plants were studied simultaneously to make clear the population occurrence of BPH under global climate change. Compared with ambient CO 2 , elevated CO 2 significantly increased the host selection percent of BPH for the healthy (CK) and BPH-damaged rice plants, and the host selection percent of BPH for the BPH-damaged rice plants was significantly higher than that for the healthy rice plants under elevated CO 2 , which might be regulated by the transcription levels of OBP1 , OBP2 and CSP8 in BPH due to the upregulated transcriptional levels of these three genes of BPH under elevated CO 2 . In addition, we analyzed and quantified the emission of VOCs in rice plants grown under ambient CO 2 and elevated CO 2 by GS-MS. A total of 36 VOCs from rice plants were identified into eight categories, including alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, phenols and aromatic hydrocarbons. Elevated CO 2 significantly decreased the contents of heptadecane, linalool and limonene from rice plants compared with ambient CO 2 . Besides, the contents of linalool, phytol, decanal, 1-methyldecalin and 2,6-diphenylphenol from BPH-damaged rice plants under ambient CO 2 , and undecane, hexadecane, nonanal and 2,6-diphenylphenol from BPH-damaged rice plants under elevated CO 2 were all significantly higher than those from healthy rice plants. The percentage composition of phenols was positively correlated with the host selection rate of BPH. Our study indicates that elevated CO 2 is beneficial to promote the host selection ability of BPH for rice plants damaged by BPHs due to the changed plant VOCs.

Elevated CO2 Altered Rice VOCs Aggravate Population Occurrence of Brown Planthoppers by Improving Host Selection Ability