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Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) is an important indicator for precise regulation of crop water content, irrigation forecast formulation, and regional water resources management. The Hargreaves model (HG) is currently recognized as the simplest and most effective ET0 estimation model. To further improve the prediction accuracy of the HG model, this study is based on the data of 98 meteorological stations in southwest China (1961–2019), using artificial bee colony (ABC), differential evolution (DE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms to calibrate the HG model globally. The standard ET0 value was calculated by FAO-56 Penman–Monteith (PM) model. We compare the calculation accuracy of 3 calibrated HG models and 4 empirical models commonly used (Hargreaves, Priestley–Taylor, Imark–Allen and Jensen–Hais). The main outcomes demonstrated that on a daily scale, the calibrated HG models (R2 range 0.74–0.98) are more accurate than 4 empirical models (R2 range 0.55–0.84), and ET0-PSO-HG has the best accuracy, followed by ET0-ABC-HG and ET0-DE-HG, with average R2 of 0.83, 0.82 and 0.80, average RRMSE of 0.23 mm/d, 0.25 mm/d and 0.26 mm/d, average MAE of 0.52 mm/d, 0.53 mm/d and 0.57 mm/d, and average GPI of 0.17, 0.05, and 0.04, respectively; on a monthly scale, ET0-PSO-HG also has the highest accuracy, followed by ET0-ABC-HG and ET0-DE-HG, with median R2 of 0.96, 0.95 and 0.94, median RRMSE of 0.16 mm/d, 0.17 mm/d and 0.18 mm/d respectively, median MAE of 0.46 mm/d, 0.50 mm/d, and 0.55 mm/d, median GPI of 1.12, 0.44 and 0.34, respectively. The calibrated HG models (relative error of less than 10.31%) are also better than the four empirical models (relative error greater than 16.60%). Overall, the PSO-HG model has the most accurate ET0 estimation on daily and monthly scales, and it can be suggested as the preferred model to predict ET0 in humid regions in southwest China regions.

atmosphere

Improved Hargreaves Model Based on Multiple Intelligent Optimization Algorithms to Estimate Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in Humid Areas of Southwest China