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Meteorology and emission sources are the two main factors determining concentrations of air pollutants, including fine particulate matter. A regional air quality modeling system was used to analyze the sources of fine-particulate air pollution in Hanoi, Vietnam, in December 2010. The impacts of precipitation and winds on PM2.5 concentrations was investigated. Precipitation was negatively correlated with PM2.5 concentrations. However, winds showed both positive and negative correlations with PM2.5 concentrations, depending on wind direction (WD) and the level of upwind concentrations. Sensitivity simulations were conducted to investigate the contribution of local and non-local emissions sources on total PM2.5 by perturbing the emission inputs of the model. Overall, local and non-local sources contributed equally to the total PM2.5 in Hanoi. Local emission sources comprised 57% of the total PM2.5 concentrations for the high PM2.5 pollution levels, while only comprising 42% of the total PM2.5 for low levels of PM2.5 concentrations. In Hanoi’s urban areas, local sources contributed more to the total PM2.5 than non-local sources. In contrast, non-local sources were the main contributors to the PM2.5 in Hanoi’s rural areas. Additional sensitivity simulations were conducted to identify the main local emission sources of PM2.5 concentrations in December 2010. The industrial and residential sectors collectively comprised 79% of the total PM2.5 concentrations while the transport and power sectors comprised only 2% and 3%, respectively. This is the first case study which used a regional air quality modeling system to provide new and informative insights into PM2.5 air pollution in Hanoi by estimating the contributions of local and non-local emissions sources, as well as the contribution of local emission sectors to PM2.5 concentrations in Hanoi.

Air Quality Modeling Study on the Controlling Factors of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Hanoi: A Case Study in December 2010