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In this paper, a comprehensive model for LiFePO4 batteries is proposed to ensure high efficiency and safe operation. The proposed model has a direct correlation between its parameters and the electrochemical principles to estimate the state of charge (SoC) and the remaining capacity of the LiFePO4 battery. This model was based on a modified Thévenin circuit, Butler–Volmer kinetics, the Arrhenius equation, Peukert’s law, and a back propagation neural network (BPNN), which can be divided into two parts. The first part can be represented by the dual exponential terms, responsive to the Coulomb efficiency; the second part can be described by the BPNN, estimating the remaining capacity. The model successfully estimates the SoC of the batteries that were tested with an error of 1.55%. The results suggest that the model is able to accurately estimate the SoC and the remaining capacity in various environments (discharging C rates and temperatures).

Development of a Comprehensive Model for the Coulombic Efficiency and Capacity Fade of LiFePO4 Batteries under Different Aging Conditions