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Hardy Cross originally proposed a method for analysis of flow in networks ofconduits or conductors in 1936. His method was the first really usefulengineering method in the field of pipe network calculation. Only electricalanalogs of hydraulic networks were used before the Hardy Cross method. Aproblem with flow resistance versus electrical resistance makes theseelectrical analog methods obsolete. The method by Hardy Cross is taughtextensively at faculties, and it remains an important tool for the analysis oflooped pipe systems. Engineers today mostly use a modified Hardy Cross methodwhich considers the whole looped network of pipes simultaneously (use of thesemethods without computers is practically impossible). A method from a Russianpractice published during the 1930s, which is similar to the Hardy Crossmethod, is described, too. Some notes from the work of Hardy Cross are alsopresented. Finally, an improved version of the Hardy Cross method, whichsignificantly reduces the number of iterations, is presented and discussed. Wealso tested multi-point iterative methods, which can be used as a substitutionfor the Newton-Raphson approach used by Hardy Cross, but in this case thisapproach did not reduce the number of iterations. Although many new models havebeen developed since the time of Hardy Cross, the main purpose of this paper isto illustrate the very beginning of modelling of gas and water pipe networksand ventilation systems. As a novelty, a new multi-point iterative solver isintroduced and compared with the standard Newton-Raphson iterative method.

Short Overview of Early Developments of the Hardy Cross Type Methods for Computation of Flow Distribution in Pipe Networks