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We investigated the effect of mass loading (atmospheric, oceanic and hydrological loading (AOH)) on Global Positioning System (GPS) height time series from 30 GPS stations in the Eurasian plate. Wavelet coherence (WTC) was employed to inspect the correlation and the time-variable relative phase between the two signals in the time–frequency domain. The results of the WTC-based semblance analysis indicated that the annual fluctuations in the two signals for most sites are physically related. The phase asynchrony at the annual time scale between GPS heights and AOH displacements indicated that the annual oscillation in GPS heights is due to a combination of mass loading signals and systematic errors (AOH modelling errors, geophysical effects and/or GPS system errors). Moreover, we discuss the impacts of AOH corrections on GPS noise estimation. The results showed that not all sites have an improved velocity uncertainty due to the increased amplitude of noise and/or the decreased spectral index after AOH corrections. Therefore, the posterior mass loading model correction is potentially feasible but not sufficient.

Effect of Surface Mass Loading on Geodetic GPS Observations