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A nonlinear interaction between photons is observed in a process thatinvolves charge sources. To observe this process in a vacuum, there are agrowing number of theoretical and experimental studies. This process maycontain exotic contribution from new physics beyond the Standard Model ofparticle physics, and is probed by experiments using a high-power laser or ahigh-field magnet, and more recently using an X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL).Here, we review the present status of our experiments testing various vacuumprocesses. We describe four experiments with a focus on those using an XFEL:(i) photon-photon scattering in the x-ray region, (ii) laser-inducedbirefringence and diffraction of x rays, (iii) vacuum birefringence induced bya high-field magnet, and (iv) a dedicated search for axion-like particles usingthe magnet and x rays.

Probing Physics in Vacuum Using an X-ray Free-Electron Laser, a High-Power Laser, and a High-Field Magnet