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By installing distributed generation (DG) sources in a distribution system, there is a change from the inactive state, accompanied by one-way power flow, to the active state, with the possibility of bilateral power flow. Authorities involved in the electricity industry manage the consumption side by bringing in particular programs called demand response programs. To implement these programs, it is crucial to create infrastructure, including the installation of smart measuring units in the consumption sector. In this paper, we investigate the optimal design of smart meters and combined hydrogen, heat, and power in the active distribution system to provide two functions aimed at reducing voltage drop and minimizing the total planning costs by taking different scenarios into account. In the combined hydrogen, heat, and power (CHHP)-based DGs, due to the low efficiency of the electrolyzer, its power is supplied by a smart parking lot (including wind turbines, photovoltaic systems, and batteries). To model the unit’s uncertainties, a long short-time memory (LSTM) model is employed. Utilizing the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), a state that enhances both functions is acquired from different scenarios. All of the simulations are carried out in two 33-bus systems.

applied sciences

Optimal Techno-Economic Planning of a Smart Parking Lot—Combined Heat, Hydrogen, and Power (SPL-CHHP)-Based Microgrid in the Active Distribution Network