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In analyzing frost heave, researchers often simplify the compressive modulus of freezing soil by considering it as a constant or only as a function of temperature. However, it is a critical parameter characterizing the stress–strain behavior of soil and a variable that is influenced by many other parameters. Hence, herein several one-dimensional freezing experiments are conducted on silty clay in an open system subjected to multistage freezing by considering the compressive modulus as a variable. First, freezing soil under multistage freezing is divided into several layers according to the frozen fringe theory. Then, the correlation between the freezing rate and temperature gradient within each freezing soil layer is investigated. Takashi’s equation for frost heave analysis is modified to extend its application conditions by replacing its freezing rate term with a temperature gradient term. A mechanical model for the stress–strain behavior of freezing soil under the action of frost heave is derived within the theoretical framework of nonlinear elasticity, in which a method for determining the compressive modulus of freezing soil with temperature gradient, overburden pressure, and cooling temperature variables is proposed. This study further enhances our understanding of the typical mechanical behavior of saturated freezing silty clay under frost heave action.

Stress–Strain Model for Freezing Silty Clay under Frost Heave Based on Modified Takashi’s Equation