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Cr(VI) detoxification by biotreatment is considered one of the most practical detoxification methods, especially at low-to-medium concentrations. Although the capabilities of chromium-reducing bacteria and related enzymes in removing Cr(VI) have been explored, little is known about their differences in engineering applications. In this study, Ochrobactrum sp. CUST210-1 was isolated and its chromate reductase identified and separated as biological elements in biosystems developed for Cr(VI) removal. Results indicate that intracellular Cr(OH)3(s) accounted for 88.01% of Cr(VI) reduction product, and a possible reduction mechanism was exposed. The chromate reductase in Ochrobactrum sp. CUST210-1 was ChrR protein, and its crystal structure was revealed. The toxicity of Cr(VI)-containing wastewater was decreased by 57.8% and 67.0% (at minimum) by the CUST210-1 strain and ChrR, respectively. The Ochrobactrum sp. CUST210-1 biosystem demonstrated good adaptability to pH (7–9), and the ChrR biosystem exhibited high removal efficiency (&gt;98.2%) at a wide range of temperatures (25 °C–40 °C). The outlet Cr(VI) concentration of the CUST210-1 biosystem met the industrial discharge limit of 0.5 mg L−1 when the inlet Cr(VI) concentration in the actual Cr(VI)-containing wastewater was &lt;430 mg L−1. The stricter water quality standard of 0.05 mg L−1 could be complied with by the immobilized ChrR biosystem when &lt;150 mg L−1 Cr(VI) concentration was introduced. These developed biosystems can be used in the bioremediation of various Cr(VI)-contaminated wastewaters. Regarding capital costs, those of the CUST210-1 biosystem were higher. To our knowledge, this is the first report comparing differences in the economic and operational characteristics of bacteria and enzyme biosystems for Cr(VI) removal.

applied sciences

Operational Characteristics of Immobilized Ochrobactrum sp. CUST210-1 Biosystem and Immobilized Chromate Reductase Biosystem in Continuously Treating Actual Chromium-Containing Wastewater