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Numerous formulae are available for predicting the scabbing limit and perforation limit thicknesses subjected to impact loading, but no formula has yet been proposed for estimating the scabbing depth, which is the damaged depth at the rear face when the back of the concrete panel is peeled. In this paper, a new energy-based impact formula along with a theoretical background is proposed to estimate the scabbing depth, scabbing limit, and perforation limit. Based on the scabbing theory, energy–depth relation, and energy conservation law, the new formula is developed and verified with test results. Compared to other impact formulae, the proposed impact formula is found to be more effective.

Development of Energy-Based Impact Formula-Part II: Scabbing Depth, Scabbing Limit, and Perforation Limit