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The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal in the brain–computer interface (BCI) has suffered great cross-subject variability. The BCI system needs to be retrained before each time it is used, which is a waste of resources and time. Thus, it is difficult to generalize a fixed classification method for all subjects. Therefore, the transfer learning method proposed in this article, which combines XDAWN spatial filter and Riemannian Geometry classifier (RGC), can achieve offline cross-subject transfer learning in the P300-speller paradigm. The XDAWN spatial filter is used to enhanced the P300 components in the raw signal as well as reduce its dimensions. Then, the Riemannian Geometry Mean (RGM) is used as the reference matrix to perform the affine transformation of the symmetric positive definite (SPD) covariance matrix calculated from the filtered signal, which makes the data from different subjects comparable. Finally, the RGC is used to obtain the result of transfer learning experiments. The proposed algorithm was evaluated on two datasets (Dataset I from real patients and Dataset II from the laboratory). By comparing with two state-of-the-art and classic algorithms in the current BCI field, Ensemble of Support Vector Machine (E-SVM) and Stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (SWLDA), the maximum averaged area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score of our algorithm reached 0.836, proving the potential of our proposed algorithm.

Transfer Learning Algorithm of P300-EEG Signal Based on XDAWN Spatial Filter and Riemannian Geometry Classifier