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The main object of this study is to introduce hybrid integration approaches that consist of state-of-the-art artificial intelligence algorithms (SysFor) and two bivariate models, namely the frequency ratio (FR) and index of entropy (IoE), to carry out landslide spatial prediction research. Hybrid integration approaches of these two bivariate models and logistic regression (LR) were used as benchmark models. Nanzheng County was considered as the study area. First, a landslide distribution map was produced using news reports, interpreting satellite images and a regional survey. A total of 202 landslides were identified and marked. According to the previous studies and local geological environment conditions, 16 landslide conditioning factors were chosen for landslide spatial prediction research: elevation, profile curvature, plan curvature, slope angle, slope aspect, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), sediment transport index (STI), distance to roads, distance to rivers, distance to faults, lithology, rainfall, soil, normalized different vegetation index (NDVI), and land use. Then, the 202 landslides were randomly segmented into two parts with a ratio of 70:30. Seventy percent of the landslides (141) were used as the training dataset and the remaining landslides (61) were used as the validating dataset. Next, the evaluation models were built using the training dataset and compared by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve. The results showed that all models performed well; the FR_SysFor model exhibited the best prediction ability (0.831), followed by the IoE_SysFor model (0.819), IoE_LR model (0.702), FR_LR model (0.696), IoE model (0.691), and FR model (0.681). Overall, these six models are practical tools for landslide spatial prediction research and the results can provide a reference for landslide prevention and control in the study area.

applied sciences

Spatial Prediction of Landslides Using Hybrid Integration of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms with Frequency Ratio and Index of Entropy in Nanzheng County, China