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Salix  spp. have been exploited for energy generation, along with folk medicine use of bark extracts for antipyretic and analgesic benefits. Bark phenolic components, rather than salicin, have demonstrated interesting bioactivities, which may ensure the sustainable bioprospection of  Salix  bark. Therefore, this study highlights the detailed phenolic characterization, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, anti-hypertensive,  Staphylococcus aureus  growth inhibitory effects, and biocompatibility of  Salix atrocinerea  Brot.,  Salix fragilis  L., and  Salix viminalis  L. bark polar extracts. Fifteen phenolic compounds were characterized by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection-mass spectrometry analysis, from which two flavan-3-ols, an acetophenone, five flavanones, and a flavonol were detected, for the first time, as their bark components.  Salix  bark extracts demonstrated strong free radical scavenging activity (5.58–23.62 µg mL −1  IC 50  range), effective inhibition on angiotensin-I converting enzyme (58–84%), and  S. aureus  bactericidal action at 1250–2500 µg mL −1  (6–8 log CFU mL −1  reduction range). All tested  Salix  bark extracts did not show cytotoxic potential against Caco-2 cells, as well as  S. atrocinerea  Brot. and  S. fragilis  L. extracts at 625 and 1250 µg mL −1  against HaCaT and L929 cells. These valuable findings can pave innovative and safer food, nutraceutical, and/or cosmetic applications of  Salix  bark phenolic-containing fractions.

The Health-Promoting Potential of Salix spp. Bark Polar Extracts: Key Insights on Phenolic Composition and In Vitro Bioactivity and Biocompatibility