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This study analyzed the genetic diversity of ciprofloxacin (CIP) nonsusceptibility and the relationship between two major mechanisms and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CIP in nontyphoidal  Salmonella  (NTS). Chromosomal mutations in quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes were searched from ResFinder, ARG-ANNOT, and PubMed for designing the sequencing regions in  gyrA ,  gyrB ,  parC , and  parE , and the 13 polymerase chain reactions for PMQR genes. We found that QRDR mutations were detected in  gyrA  (82.1%),  parC  (59.0%), and  parE  (20.5%) but not in  gyrB  among the 39 isolates. Five of the 13 PMQR genes were identified, including  oqxA  (28.2%),  oqxB  (28.2%),  qnrS  (18.0%),  aac (6′)- Ib - cr  (10.3%), and  qnrB  (5.1%), which correlated with the MICs of CIP within 0.25–2 μg/mL, and it was found that  oxqAB  contributed more than  qnr  genes to increase the MICs. All the isolates contained either QRDR mutations (53.8%), PMQR genes (15.4%), or both (30.8%). QRDR mutations (84.6%) were more commonly detected than PMQR genes (46.2%). QRDR mutation numbers were significantly associated with MICs ( p  < 0.001). Double mutations in  gyrA  and  parC  determined high CIP resistance (MICs ≥ 4 μg/mL). PMQR genes contributed to intermediate to low CIP resistance (MICs 0.25–2 μg/mL), thus providing insights into mechanisms underlying CIP resistance.

antibiotics

Genotypic Diversity of Ciprofloxacin Nonsusceptibility and Its Relationship with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in Nontyphoidal Salmonella Clinical Isolates in Taiwan