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In recent times, resistant foodborne pathogens, especially of the  Campylobacter  species, have created several global crises. These crises have been compounded due to the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development of resistance and the existence of both XDR and PDR among  Campylobacter  isolates. Moreover, we explored the use of the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique for the detection of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant  Campylobacter  isolates. A total of 120  Campylobacter  isolates were identified depending on both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Of note, cefoxitin and imipenem were the most effective drugs against the investigated  Campylobacter  isolates. Interestingly, the majority of our isolates (75%) were MDR. Unfortunately, both XDR and PDR isolates were detected in our study with prevalence rates of 20.8% and 4.2%, respectively. All FQ-resistant isolates with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥4 µg/mL were confirmed by the genetic detection of  gyrA  chromosomal mutation via substitution of threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86-to-Ile) using the PCR-RFLP technique. Herein, PCR-RFLP was a more practical and less expensive method used for the detection of FQ resistant isolates. In conclusion, we introduced a fast genetic method for the identification of FQ-resistant isolates to avoid treatment failure through the proper description of antimicrobials.

Molecular Detection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Multidrug-, Extensively Drug-, and Pan-Drug-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Egypt