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The present study aimed to characterize the extended-spectrum β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (ESBL/PMAβ) among  Escherichia coli  producers isolated from beef, pork, and poultry meat collected at retail, in Portugal. A total of 638 meat samples were collected and inoculated on selective medium for the search of  E. coli  resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, molecular assays targeting ESBL/AmpC, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) encoding genes. The highest frequency of  E. coli  non-wild type to 3rd generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones was observed in broiler meat (30.3% and 93.3%, respectively). Overall, a diversity of acquired resistance mechanisms, were detected:  bla  ESBL  [ bla  CTX-M-1  ( n  = 19),  bla  CTX-M-15  ( n  = 4),  bla  CTX-M-32  ( n  = 12),  bla  CTX-M-55  ( n  = 8),  bla  CTX-M-65  ( n  = 4),  bla  CTX-M-27  ( n  = 2),  bla  CTX-M-9  ( n  = 1),  bla  CTX-M-14  ( n  = 11),  bla  SHV-12  ( n  = 27),  bla  TEM-52  ( n  = 1)],  bla  PMAβ  [ bla  CMY-2  ( n  = 8)], PMQR [ qnrB  ( n  = 27),  qnrS  ( n  = 21) and  aac(6’)-Ib-type  ( n  = 4)] and PMCR [ mcr-1  ( n  = 8)]. Our study highlights that consumers may be exposed through the food chain to multidrug-resistant  E. coli  carrying diverse plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes, posing a great hazard to food safety and a public health risk.

Prevalence and Characterization of ESBL/AmpC Producing Escherichia coli from Fresh Meat in Portugal