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Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) in patients admitted to hospitals pose a great challenge to treatment. The genes causing resistance to carbapenems are mostly found in plasmids, mobile genetic elements that can spread easily to other bacterial strains, thus exacerbating the problem. Here, we studied 27 CR-KP isolates collected from different types of samples from 16 patients admitted to the medical ward at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand, using next generation sequencing (NGS) and optical DNA mapping (ODM). The majority of the isolates belonged to sequence type (ST) 16 and are described in detail herein. Using ODM, we identified the plasmid carrying the bla  NDM-1 gene in the ST16 isolates and the plasmids were very similar, highlighting the possibility of using ODM of plasmids as a surrogate marker of nosocomial spread of bacteria. We also demonstrated that ODM could identify that the bla  CTX-M-15 and bla  OXA-232 genes in the ST16 isolates were encoded on separate plasmids from the bla  NDM-1 gene and from each other. The other three isolates belonged to ST147 and each of them had distinct plasmids encoding bla  NDM-1 .

Optical DNA Mapping of Plasmids Reveals Clonal Spread of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Large Thai Hospital