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Simple Summary  Antibiotic resistance happens when bacteria develop the ability to defeat the mechanism of action of chemical compounds designed to kill them. This has become one of the major global concerns in the food chain since it has an effect in diverse steps such as livestock. Poultry products are one of the most consumed type of meat in Spain. In farms, antibiotics are normally used for therapeutic treatments although in the past they were utilized as growth-promoting agents which provoked a high selection pressure in the natural microbiota of fowl.  Escherichia coli  is a gram negative Enterobacteriaceae that is commonly found in chicken microbiota and can be use as interesting indicator of antibiotic resistance in poultry products.    Abstract  The prevalence of  Escherichia coli  was analysed in poultry products from different Spanish retailers and determined its antibiotic resistance capability by phenotypic (ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, imipenem, cefotaxime, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and colistin) and genotypic assays. A total of 30 samples (hindquarters or livers) were collected from supermarkets and butchers. Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged between 3.2 and 6.5 log colony-forming units (CFU)/g, and the highest values were found in livers and in samples from supermarkets.  E. coli  was detected in 83% of the samples tested, and the highest prevalence was observed in livers (100%) and supermarkets (91%). Regarding the antibiotic sensitivity test, 100% of the  E. coli  showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. The highest resistance rates were detected for colistin (87%) and gentamicin (79%), while only two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and cefotaxime) showed a resistance lower than 10%. Furthermore, the resistance genes of tetracycline and beta-lactams were analysed by multiplex PCR, revealing that  tet ( A ) and  blaTEM  were the majority genes, respectively.

High Prevalence of Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Retail Poultry Products in Spain