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Simple Summary  In this study, the effects of dietary supplementation of  Clostridium butyricum  and/or  Bacillus subtilis  were determined on growth performance, intestinal antioxidative capacity, intestinal morphology, cytokine production, and intestinal microbial composition in Yangzhou geese. Data showed that probiotics promoted feed intake and growth, improved antioxidative capacity and intestinal morphology, increased the relative abundances of  Firmicutes  and  Lactobacillus  in intestinal content, decreased the relative abundances of  Proteobacteria  and  Ralstonia , and altered α-diversity and the predicted functions of intestinal microflora, but did not induce the expression of genes related to intestinal inflammation and tight junction.    Abstract  Probiotics are a substitute for antibiotics in the sense of intestinal health maintenance.  Clostridium butyricum  and  Bacillus subtilis , as probiotic bacteria, have been widely used in animal production. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the two probiotic bacteria in geese. A total of 288 1-day old, healthy Yangzhou geese were randomly assigned into 4 groups (A, B, C and D) with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. Group A, as control, was fed a basal diet, and the treatment groups (B, C and D) were fed the basal diet supplemented with 250 mg/kg  Clostridium butyricum  (the viable count was 3.0 × 10 6  CFU/g), 250 mg/kg  Bacillus subtilis  (the viable count was 2.0 × 10 7  CFU/g), or a combination of the two probiotic bacteria for 70 days, respectively. The results indicated that: compared with the control group, dietary probiotics (1) promoted the growth and feed intake of the geese, (2) increased the absolute weight of duodenum, (3) increased the antioxidative capacity (total antioxidative capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX)) of intestinal mucosa, (4) improved intestinal morphology (the ratio of villus height to crypt depth), (5) but did not induce inflammation and changes of tight junction in the intestine, which was indicated by no induction of pro/inflammatory cytokines ( IL-1β ,  IL-6 ,  IL-10 ,  TNFAIP3 ) and tight junction related genes ( TJP1  and  OCLN ). Moreover, dietary probiotics increased the relative abundances of  Firmicutes  phylum and  Lactobacillus  genus and decreased the relative abundances of  Proteobacteria  phylum or  Ralstonia  genus in the intestinal content. In addition, the alpha diversity (observed species, Chao1, and estimate the number of OTUs in the community(ACE)) was reduced and the predicted functions of intestinal microflora, including peptidases, carbon fixation and metabolic function of starch and sugar, were enhanced by dietary probiotics. In conclusion, dietary probiotics promote the growth of geese by their positive effects on intestinal structure and function, the composition and functions of gut microflora, and intestinal antioxidative capacity.

animals

Dietary Clostridium butyricum and Bacillus subtilis Promote Goose Growth by Improving Intestinal Structure and Function, Antioxidative Capacity and Microbial Composition