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Simple Summary  “Mozzarella di Bufala Campana DOP” (mozzarella cheese) is mainly produced and marketed during the spring and summer months. The buffalo is a seasonal species that increases its reproductive activity when daylight hours decrease. Therefore, to increase milk production in the favourable period, the so-called “Out of Breeding Season Mating” technique is applied. It consists of the interruption of sexual promiscuity during the naturally occurring breeding season and concentrating calving and milk production during periods of increasing daylight length. However, the application of this technique increases the incidence of anoestrus, as animals are forced to breed outside of their natural and favoured period of the year, although other factors can also increase the incidence of anoestrus, such as climate. A reduction of seasonal anoestrus can be achieved by using some hormonal treatments. In this study, primiparous acyclic buffaloes were selected and divided into three classes according to their days in milk. Animals were synchronized using P 4  vaginal implants, and artificial insemination (AI) was performed according to protocol. The temperature–humidity index (THI) was recorded to evaluate its influence on anoestrus. Statistical analysis showed that the implemented P 4 -based treatments were highly effective in removing the anoestrus condition in buffaloes. On the contrary, no influence of the THI on the efficacy of the P 4  synchronization treatment was observed.    Abstract  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a progesterone-based treatment on anoestrus in buffaloes. Primiparous acyclic buffaloes ( n  = 276), were divided into three classes according to their days in milk (DIM): from 50 to 90 (Class I;  n  = 86), from 91 to 150 (Class II;  n  = 102) and from 150 to 200 (Class III;  n  = 88). Animals were synchronized using P 4  vaginal implants, followed by timed artificial insemination (TAI). They were then allowed to enter into a larger group of buffaloes for natural mating 15 days after AI was performed, and pregnancy status was monitored from then on at 15-day intervals. Finally, the temperature–humidity index (THI) was calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA by means and both multiple and linear regression. The total pregnancy rate (PR) was 87.7%, with no differences among DIM classes (88.0, 92.4, and 80.0% in Classes I, II, and III, respectively). However, the PR at TAI tended to be higher ( p  = 0.07) in buffaloes in Class II. The follicle (FL) area in Class II buffaloes was larger ( p  < 0.01) than that of the other classes. No influence of the THI on the total PR was recorded. The pregnancy outcome at TAI was affected by the FL area (odds ratio = 2.237;  p  < 0.05) and body condition score (BCS) (odds ratio = 1.256;  p  < 0.05). In conclusion, treatment with vaginal P 4  optimizes pregnancy rates in anoestrus buffaloes, particularly when the animals are in mid-lactation and show an optimal BCS. Furthermore, the THI does not seem to affect the efficiency of the progesterone treatment.

Influence of Days after Calving and Thermal Stress on the Efficacy of a Progesterone-Based Treatment in Acyclic Italian Mediterranean Buffalo