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Simple Summary  The two non-synonymous g.11685G>A and g.11773T>C SNPs of PRLR(L2) were significantly associated with milk yield, fat%, and protein%, and mRNA and protein levels of PRL and PRLR in milk somatic cells. GT-animals had the best milk performance; however, AC-animals had inferior milk production. Thus, the selection of buffaloes with GT haplotypes may enhance milk performance in Egyptian buffaloes.    Abstract  Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor (PRLR) were considered as potential genetic markers for milk production and quality traits in cattle. However, little information is available regarding  PRLR  genetic diversity and association studies with milk traits in Egyptian water buffaloes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to search for mutations in  PRLR  and determine their associations with milk performance in these animals. Exon3 (E3) and E10 of  PRLR  were screened for polymorphisms using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and sequencing in 400 buffaloes. The associations between haplotypes and milk production (fat%, protein%, lactose%, and solid%) traits as well as mRNA and protein levels of PRL and PRLR were studied. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in E10 were detected: g.11685G>A (p.Ala494Thr) and g.11773T>C (p.Val523Aal). The G and T alleles were wild (ancestral) alleles, while the A and C alleles were mutant alleles. These SNPs resulted in four haplotypes; AC, AT, GC, and GT. Buffaloes with wild GT haplotypes showed significantly higher milk yield, fat% and protein%, mRNA and protein levels of PRL and PRLR in milk somatic cells than other animals. Animals carrying mutant AC haplotype had inferior milk traits and lowest levels of associated mRNAs and proteins. With these results, we could conclude that the selection of buffaloes with wild GT haplotypes for g.11685G>A and g.11773T>C SNPs of the  PRLR  gene might improve the milk production traits of Egyptian water buffaloes.

Polymorphisms of the PRLR Gene and Their Association with Milk Production Traits in Egyptian Buffaloes