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Simple Summary   Paratylenchus  spp. are vermiform organisms distributed throughout the world that can parasitize a wide variety of cultivated and wild plants. Some species are considered pathogenic in crops; therefore, correct identification is essential to design management strategies. However, the conserved morphology, similarity of morphometric characters and other factors as co-occurrence of more than one species of  Paratylenchus  in the same soil sample hinder identification to species level. In consequence, this identification should be carried out jointly with morphological, morphometrical and molecular data. The present research aims to provide morphological and molecular characterization of some  Paratylenchus  species found in Spain and the description of several new species.    Abstract  In previous studies, fifteen species of  Paratylenchus , commonly known as pin nematodes, have been reported in Spain. These plant-parasitic nematodes are ectoparasites with a wide host range and global distribution. In this research, 27 populations from twelve  Paratylenchus  species from 18 municipalities in Spain were studied using morphological, morphometrical and molecular data. This integrative taxonomic approach allowed the identification of twelve species, four of them were considered new undescribed species and eight were already known described. The new species described here are  P. caravaquenus  sp. nov.,  P. indalus  sp. nov.,  P. pedrami  sp. nov. and  P. zurgenerus  sp. nov. As for the already known described species, five were considered as first reports for the country, specifically  P.   enigmaticus ,  P. hamatus ,  P. holdemani ,  P. israelensis , and  P. veruculatus , while  P. baldaccii ,  P. goodeyi  and  P. tenuicaudatus  had already been recorded in Spain. This study provides detail morphological and molecular data, including the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA, and partial mitochondrial COI regions for the identification of different  Paratylenchus  species found in Spain. These results confirm the extraordinary cryptic diversity in Spain and with examples of morphostatic speciation within the genus  Paratylenchus .

Remarkable Cryptic Diversity of Paratylenchus spp. (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) in Spain