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Simple Summary  Nowadays, the industry aims to extend egg laying until hens are 100 weeks old or longer (from 65 to 70 weeks currently) to make egg production more sustainable. However, intensive egg production challenges hen health and particularly bone metabolism as eggshell formation mobilizes large amounts of calcium from the skeleton, inducing a severe form of osteoporosis and bone fractures. In this study, bone quality was compared in old hens (100 weeks) having different egg production and eggshell quality. Hens with a high egg production and good eggshell quality had poorer bone quality than hens with lower production and/or bad eggshell quality. This is due to a greater calcium mobilization capacity that decreases bone mineral reserves in the form of medullary bone. However, no clear relationship could be found between measured bone quality and egg production/eggshell quality parameters, suggesting that both bone and egg quality can be improved independently through genetic selection and optimum nutrition.    Abstract  (1) Background: Nowadays the industry aims to improve lay persistency for extended cycles (100 weeks or longer) to make egg production more sustainable. However, intensive egg production challenges hen health, inducing severe osteoporosis and the incidence of bone fractures. In this study, the relationship between bone quality and egg production, and/or eggshell quality, was evaluated at the end of an extended laying cycle of 100 weeks, comparing groups of hens with different production and eggshell quality parameters; (2) Methods: Quality parameters of egg (as weight, egg white height), eggshell (as thickness, weight, breaking strength, elasticity and microstructure) and tibiae bone (weight, diameter, cortical thickness, ash weight, breaking strength, medullary bone) were determined; (3) Results: Hens from groups with a high egg production and good eggshell quality have poorer bone quality (lower ash weight and lesser amount of medullary bone). However, Pearson’s correlation analysis shows no clear relationship between bone and egg/eggshell parameters. (4) Conclusions: Bone and egg production/eggshell quality are independent and can be improved separately. Medullary bone has an important contribution to bone mechanical properties, being important to accumulate enough bone medullary bone early in life to maintain skeletal integrity and eggshell quality in old hens.

Relationship between Bone Quality, Egg Production and Eggshell Quality in Laying Hens at the End of an Extended Production Cycle (105 Weeks)