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Conservation agriculture (CA) is becoming increasingly attractive to farmers due to advantages such as lower production costs and less destruction of soil structures compared to the conventional tillage. The cultivars introduced for the conventional systems may not be suitable under CA environments, and newly adapted cultivars need to be developed. Accordingly, four separate field experiments were conducted over two cropping seasons (2018–2019 and 2019–2020) to study the agronomic performance of seven barley genotypes under three tillage systems: conventional tillage (full tillage with residue removed), reduced tillage (chisel plowing with residue retained) and CA system (no tillage with residue retained on soil surface). The genotypes were grown under rainfed conditions in two different agro-ecological regions (Kamyaran and Hosseinabad locations) in the west of Iran. Significant genotypic differences were observed for grain yield and yield components except 1000-kernel weight. The results of this study showed that rainfed barley genotypes under a CA system produced yields equal to, or better (0.7%) than, the conventional tillage; while reduced tillage system decreased their performance by 4.9%. Regarding genotype × tillage interaction, the barley genotypes Catalhuyuk 2001 and Bulbule positively interacted with conventional tillage and showed higher performance than other genotypes, whereas genotypes Çumra 2001, Ansar and Abidar expressed highest performance under CA system. Consequently, genotypes Bulbule, Catalhuyuk 2001 and Gumharriyet 50 outperformed the domestic performance and the amount of grain yield and showed the highest adaptation to the tested environments. The results of the present study could be useful to improve the efficiency of a CA system in rainfed cultivation of barley and open new windows for the cereal production in arid and semi-arid regions with food security concerns.

Agronomic Performance of Rainfed Barley Genotypes under Different Tillage Systems in Highland Areas of Dryland Conditions