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Proximal soil sensors are taking hold in the understanding of soilhydrogeological processes involved in precision agriculture. In this context,permanently installed gamma ray spectroscopy stations represent one of the bestspace-time trade off methods at field scale. This study proved the feasibilityand reliability of soil water content monitoring through a seven-monthcontinuous acquisition of terrestrial gamma radiation in a tomato test field.By employing a 1 L sodium iodide detector placed at a height of 2.25 m, weinvestigated the gamma signal coming from an area having a ~25 m radius andfrom a depth of approximately 30 cm. Experimental values, inferred after acalibration measurement and corrected for the presence of biomass, werecorroborated with gravimetric data acquired under different soil moistureconditions, giving an average absolute discrepancy of about 2%. A quantitativecomparison was carried out with data simulated by AquaCrop, CRITeRIA, andIRRINET soil-crop system models. The different goodness of fit obtained in baresoil condition and during the vegetated period highlighted that CRITeRIA showedthe best agreement with the experimental data over the entire data-takingperiod while, in presence of the tomato crop, IRRINET provided the bestresults.

Modelling soil water conent in a tomato field: proximal gamma ray spectroscopy and soil-crop system models