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With the increase of world food demand, the intensity of cultivated land use also increased. To improve soil nutrient concentrations and crop yield, several straw returning techniques have been developed. Studies have shown that straw returning is beneficial to soil, but few studies have focused on the relationship between microbes and fertility in seasonal freeze-thaw periods. A two-year cropland experiment was set up that comprised three different straw return strategies, namely covering tillage with straw return for two years (CS), rotary tillage and straw return for two years (RS), rotary covering tillage with straw return (first year covering and the second year rotary tillage) (CRS), and conventional tillage with no straw return (CK). Illumina Miseq high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was applied to assess bacteria community structure. The relationship between bacteria community structure and changes in soil fertility induced by different straw incorporating during seasonal trends was studied. Our results showed that soil bacterial communities varied significantly during the soil seasonal freeze-thaw period in the northwest of Jilin province, China, and were influenced, to some extent, by the different straw returning procedures. Multidimensional analysis revealed that total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), and total nitrogen (TN) were the major drivers of bacterial community structure. The co-occurrence network was divided into several modules. Notably, the major bacterial modules varied significantly in different sampling periods and different treatments. These results suggested that specific bacterial groups could contribute to soil fertility in relation to environmental fluctuations. Some bacterial groups (e.g., Pyrinomonadales, Rhizobiales, Sphingomonadales, and Xanthomonadales, in order level) were directly linked with specific environmental factors, indicating the key roles of these groups in soil fertility. In summary, the soil bacterial communities varied significantly during the freeze-thaw period and might play important roles in the degradation of straw. Thus, the straw return could enhance soil fertility.

Microbial Interactions and Roles in Soil Fertility in Seasonal Freeze-Thaw Periods under Different Straw Returning Strategies